Wood Stove Brick Hearth: Protect Your Home from Heat Damage

A wood stove brick hearth provides a sturdy, non-combustible base for a wood stove, protecting the floor and surrounding area from heat and sparks. It’s typically constructed using fire-resistant bricks laid on a mortar bed, creating a durable and fire-resistant surface that helps to radiate heat and enhance the overall aesthetics of the fireplace or stove area.

Contents

Briefly introduce the topic and explain the purpose of the blog post: to provide a comprehensive outline of entities related to fireplaces and stoves with closeness scores ranging from 8 to 10.

Fireplaces and Stoves: A Comprehensive Guide to Everything You Need to Know

Picture this: you’re curled up by a cozy fire on a chilly winter night, sipping hot cocoa and feeling the warmth radiate through your body. Sounds like a dream, right? Well, making that dream a reality is easier than you think!

In this epic guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know about fireplaces and stoves, from the building materials to the professionals you should hire. We’ve got you covered with a closeness score of 8 to 10 for each entity, so you can rest assured that you’re getting the most comprehensive information out there.

Building Materials: The Foundation of Your Fireplace or Stove

Fireplaces and stoves are built to withstand heat and flames, so the materials used to construct them need to be extra tough. We’ll dive into the different types of materials you’ll need, from refractory bricks to cement backer board.

Tools: The Essential Tools for Every Fireplace or Stove Owner

From brick trowels to measuring tapes, there are certain tools that are must-haves for installing and maintaining your fireplace or stove. We’ll show you what each tool is for and how to use it safely.

Safety Equipment: Protecting Yourself While You Build and Maintain

Safety first! We’ll emphasize the importance of safety equipment and list the recommended items to keep you and others safe during installation and maintenance.

Masonry Components: The Building Blocks of Your Fireplace or Stove

Stone veneer, tile, and other masonry components add beauty and functionality to your fireplace or stove. We’ll cover the different types available and how to use them effectively.

Fireplaces and Stoves: The Heart of Your Cozy Home

Now let’s talk about the stars of the show! We’ll explore the various components of fireplaces and stoves, like the combustion chamber, flue pipe, and hearth. Understanding how these components work will help you get the most out of your fireplace or stove.

Professionals: When You Need Help from the Experts

Installing and servicing fireplaces and stoves isn’t always a DIY project. We’ll highlight the importance of hiring licensed and certified professionals and list the different types of professionals involved in this field.

Codes and Regulations: Keeping Your Fireplace or Stove Safe and Compliant

Building codes and regulations are essential to ensure the safety of your fireplace or stove. We’ll cover the relevant codes and regulations to help you stay compliant.

Accessories: The Finishing Touches for Your Fireplace or Stove

Firewood storage racks, hearth brushes, and shovels—these accessories can enhance the functionality and aesthetic appeal of your fireplace or stove. We’ll tell you all about them and how they can make your life easier.

So, there you have it! This comprehensive guide will give you everything you need to know about fireplaces and stoves. Whether you’re planning to install a new one or simply want to maintain the one you have, we’ve got you covered.

Discuss the different types of building materials used in fireplaces and stoves, such as refractory bricks, mortar, plywood, and cement backer board.

Unveiling the Building Blocks of Fireside Delights: Materials for Fireplaces and Stoves

Gather ’round, fireplace and stove enthusiasts! Let’s embark on a cozy adventure as we delve into the world of building materials that bring warmth and ambiance to your homes.

Refractory Bricks: The Heart of the Fire

Think of refractory bricks as the unsung heroes of your fireplace or stove. These tough cookies withstand intense heat, ensuring the safe and efficient operation of your fiery companion.

Mortar: The Glue That Binds

Just like the reliable friend who holds everything together, mortar plays a crucial role. It securely bonds bricks and components, ensuring structural integrity and preventing heat from escaping.

Plywood: A Flexible Foundation

Plywood serves as the underlayment for your fireplace or stove. It provides a stable base, ensuring that the weight of the structure is evenly distributed.

Cement Backer Board: The Unshakable Base

Like a resolute fortress, cement backer board forms a solid base for tile or stone veneer. It’s moisture-resistant, ensuring that your fireplace or stove stands strong against the elements.

Fireplaces and Stoves: Building Materials and Their Roles

When embarking on the heartwarming journey of installing or maintaining fireplaces and stoves, it’s crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the building materials that make these cozy havens possible. Let’s dive into their specific properties and uses, so you can make informed choices and keep your fireplace glowing with confidence!

Refractory Bricks: These heavy-duty bricks are the backbone of your fireplace or stove, designed to withstand the intense heat generated by roaring flames. They’re made from special ceramic materials that can handle the thermal rollercoaster without cracking or crumbling.

Mortar: Think of mortar as the glue that holds your masonry masterpiece together. It’s a mixture of cement, sand, and water that, when applied between bricks, creates a strong bond that can endure the test of time.

Plywood: This versatile material plays a vital role as the underlayment for your fireplace or stove’s surround. Its strength and resistance to warping ensure a stable base for your hearth and decorative elements.

Cement Backer Board: This water-resistant and fire-resistant material is like a superhero for your fireplace or stove’s hearth. It protects the underlying structure from heat damage and moisture, ensuring that your cozy corner stays safe and sound.

The Essential Toolkit for Fireside Wizards

When it comes to fireplaces and stoves, we’re all about cozying up by the flickering flames. But behind those enchanting embers lies a world of tools that make it all possible. Think of it as the Wizard’s Wand for your living room—you need a magic trick or two to make the warmth appear!

So, here’s what every Fireside Wizard needs in their toolbox:

Brick Trowels: The maestros of mortar, these trowels shape and seal the bricks that contain the fiery heart of your fireplace.
Levels: Precision is key! Levels ensure your fireplace is standing tall and even, keeping your flames dancing in harmony, not toppling over like a clumsy knight.
Measuring Tapes: Accuracy is the name of the game! From measuring the perfect hearth size to ensuring your flue pipe fits snugly, these tapes guide your every cut and placement.
Hammers or Mallets: The gentle giants of your toolkit, they tap your bricks into place, coaxing them into a sturdy embrace that keeps your fire contained and your home cozy.
Cold Chisels: These chiselers are the sculptors of stone veneer, transforming rough edges into smooth, elegant lines. They’re the secret to giving your fireplace that touch of artistry.

Tools for a Warm and Cozy Hearth

Every fireplace and stove installation and maintenance project requires a trusty toolkit. Think of these tools as the knights in shining armor, ready to conquer any hearth-related challenge. Let’s dive into our tool kit ensemble, shall we?

Brick Trowels

Picture this: a skilled craftsman, wielding a brick trowel like a seasoned swordsman. This tool is your go-to for spreading mortar, the glue that holds your fireplace together. Its blade shapes and smooths the mortar, creating a strong and durable bond.

Levels

Ahh, levels. The guardians of precision. These trusty tools ensure that your fireplace or stove is perfectly level, preventing any wonky installations that would make your mantle dance.

Measuring Tapes

Measuring tapes are the secret weapon for accurate cuts and measurements. They’ll help you measure twice and cut once, ensuring that all your dimensions are spot-on.

Hammers or Mallets

When it comes to hammering nails, a hammer is your trusty sidekick. But for more delicate tasks, a mallet is your gentlemale, driving nails and chisels with finesse.

Cold Chisels

Cold chisels are the unsung heroes of the tool kit. They’re perfect for chipping away unwanted mortar or creating grooves in bricks. Just remember to don your safety goggles, for flying chips can be a real party pooper!

Emphasize the importance of safety equipment and list the recommended items such as gloves, safety glasses, respiratory masks, and fire extinguishers.

Keeping Your Hearth Safe: A Guide to Essential Safety Equipment

Fireplaces and stoves provide warmth and ambiance to our homes, but they can also pose potential hazards if not handled with care. That’s why it’s crucial to equip yourself with the right safety gear before tackling any installation or maintenance tasks.

Gloves: When working with hot surfaces or sharp objects, don’t be a handsy Harry! Wear a pair of sturdy gloves to protect your precious paws from burns, cuts, and splinters.

Safety Glasses: Flying sparks and dust are no match for your peepers. Shield your eyes with safety glasses to prevent irritation, debris, and potential corneal calamities.

Respiratory Mask: If you’re working with dust or fumes, a respiratory mask is your best friend. It will keep your lungs safe from harmful particles, so you can breathe easy while tending to your hearth.

Fire Extinguisher: Always have a fire extinguisher nearby in case of emergencies. You never know when a spark might get out of hand, so be prepared to nip it in the bud before it becomes a blazing inferno.

Safety Equipment: Your Guardians of Fireside Bliss

When venturing into the world of fireplaces and stoves, safety should be your top priority. Imagine yourself as a fearless explorer, but instead of conquering mountains, you’re taming the cozy warmth of a crackling fire. And like any intrepid adventurer, you need the right gear to keep you safe.

Enter our trusty safety equipment, your unsung heroes in the fireplace realm! They’re not just there to look cool; they play a vital role in preventing accidents and safeguarding your well-being during those exhilarating installation and maintenance adventures.

Gloves: Picture your hands as tiny knights clad in sturdy, flame-retardant armor. They’ll protect you from pesky cinder burns and sharp metal edges.

Safety Glasses: These babies are your eyes’ knights-in-shining-armor! They shield your peepers from sparks, dust, and debris, ensuring your vision stays as sharp as the fire’s glow.

Respiratory Masks: Think of these as your lungs’ trusty bodyguards. They filter out those pesky smoke particles and dust that could irritate your respiratory system. Inhale the cozy warmth, not the nasties.

Fire Extinguishers: Every fireplace hero needs a trusty sidekick, and a fire extinguisher is yours. It’s like a miniature fire-fighting superhero, ready to quench any rogue flames that dare to dance outside the fireplace’s embrace.

Fireplaces and Stoves: A Masonry Masterpiece

When it comes to crafting a warm and inviting ambiance in your home, fireplaces and stoves are the ultimate storytellers. They not only radiate heat but also spin tales of comfort and coziness. But behind the captivating flames lies a world of essential masonry components that make these heating wonders come to life.

One of the most eye-catching elements is stone veneer. Picture it: elegant strips of natural or manufactured stone adorning your fireplace or stove. Each piece is a unique masterpiece, showcasing the beauty of geological time. Stone veneer adds an instant touch of rustic charm and sophisticated style, making your hearth the focal point of any room.

Tiles play a vital role in both durability and aesthetics. Imagine a mosaic of ceramic, porcelain, or glass tiles, each carefully arranged to create vibrant patterns or timeless textures. Tiles protect the surrounding surfaces from heat and wear, while adding a splash of color and personality to your fireplace or stove.

Finally, let’s not forget about refractory bricks. These unsung heroes line the combustion chamber, shielding it from the intense heat of the flames. Composed of high-temperature-resistant materials, refractory bricks ensure structural integrity and prevent dangerous fires from spreading.

These masonry components are like the building blocks of your fireplace or stove. They work in harmony to create a cozy sanctuary in your home, a testament to the enduring power of craftsmanship and the warmth of fire.

The Ultimate Guide to Fireplace and Stove Components

Picture this: you’re snuggled up by the cozy glow of your fireplace or stove, the crackling flames casting a warm and inviting ambiance. But have you ever wondered what goes into creating that magical moment? Get ready to dive into the world of fireplace and stove components – the unsung heroes behind the warmth and charm of your favorite home features.

Masonry Components: The Building Blocks of Beauty

Stone veneer and tile are more than just decorative elements. They’re like the armor that protects your fireplace or stove from the heat and adds a touch of elegance. Stone veneer, with its rugged texture and natural beauty, is perfect for rustic or traditional settings. Tile, on the other hand, comes in a myriad of colors, patterns, and textures to complement any décor style.

Fireplaces and Stoves: The Heart of Your Home

Let’s break down the key components that make your fireplace or stove a functional and stylish centerpiece:

Combustion chamber: This is where the magic happens – the fire burns, creating warmth and ambiance.

Flue pipe: The flue pipe is the highway for smoke and gases to escape, keeping your home safe and smoke-free.

Chimney: The chimney is the tall, proud guardian that rises above your roof, ensuring proper ventilation and preventing smoke from re-entering your home.

Damper: The damper is like the gatekeeper of your fireplace or stove, controlling the flow of air and preventing heat loss when not in use.

Hearth: The hearth is the sturdy foundation that supports your fireplace or stove, protecting your floor from embers and sparks.

The Inner Workings of Fireplaces and Stoves: A Cozy Guide to Their Magical Components

Picture this: you’re snuggled up by the fireplace, the flames dancing and crackling as you sip on a warm cup of cocoa. But have you ever wondered what’s going on behind the scenes, making this cozy scene possible? Let’s dive into the essential components that orchestrate this blissful experience.

The Combustion Chamber: Where the Magic Happens

This is the heart and soul of your fireplace or stove. Imagine it as a wizard’s cauldron, where fuel undergoes a magical transformation into warmth and cheer. It’s where the fuel burns, releasing heat that radiates into your home.

Flue Pipe: The Magical Chimney’s Companion

Like a faithful sidekick, the flue pipe helps the chimney do its job. It whisks away the smoke and gases produced by the burning fuel, sending them up and out through the chimney.

Chimney: The Majestic Tower of Warmth

Towering over your fireplace or stove like a wise old sage, the chimney stands tall as the guardian of indoor air quality. It creates a draft that pulls the smoke and gases up and away from your living space.

Damper: The Silent Regulator

Think of the damper as the master puppeteer controlling the flow of air and smoke. It opens and closes to adjust the draft, ensuring your fireplace or stove burns efficiently and safely.

Hearth: The Warm and Welcoming Foundation

The hearth is the solid ground upon which your fireplace or stove rests. It’s a fire-resistant platform that protects your floor from the heat and sparks. It’s also a cozy spot to rest your feet and warm your toes.

Now that you know the inner workings of your fireplace or stove, you can appreciate the intricate symphony that goes on to bring you warmth and ambiance. So, next time you light a fire, take a moment to marvel at the amazing components that make it all possible.

Explain the functions and importance of each component.

Chapter 6: Inside the Heat Zone: Fireplaces and Stoves

Prepare to dive into the heart of your fireplace or stove, where the magic happens! We’ll guide you through the key components that make these cozy havens tick.

Combustion Chamber: Picture this as the fiery core, the inner sanctum where the flames dance. It’s lined with special materials like firebrick or vermiculite to handle the intense heat and protect your home.
Flue Pipe: Goodbye, smoke! The flue pipe is your exhaust system, carrying away those unwanted gases and smoke, keeping your room fresh and smoke-free.
Chimney: Think of the chimney as your fireplace’s secret elevator. It provides a safe passage for smoke to ascend and escape into the open air.
Damper: This trusty device is like a volume control for your fireplace. It can be opened or closed to regulate the airflow, ensuring optimal combustion and a cozy ambiance.
Hearth: This is your fireplace’s safe haven, where embers can glow and crackle without worry. It’s made of non-combustible materials to prevent any accidental fires.

The Importance of Hiring Licensed and Certified Professionals for Fireplaces and Stoves

Hey there, fireplace and stove enthusiasts! Welcome to our cozy corner where we’re diving into the fascinating world of these home heating wonders. While it’s tempting to roll up your sleeves and tackle installation or servicing on your own, trust us on this one: it’s like playing with fire—literally!

Hiring a qualified pro for your fireplace or stove is the key to a safe, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing outcome. Imagine it like this: your fireplace is a glamorous movie star, and you’re the director. Would you cast just anybody for this role? Of course not! You want someone who can handle the heat, knows their lines, and won’t leave your house in a blaze of glory (or ash).

Now, let’s get serious. Certified professionals are like seasoned firefighters: they’ve faced fireplace and stove emergencies that would make your hair curl. They’re up to date on the latest codes and regulations, which are essential for ensuring that your home is safe from fires.

But it’s not just about safety. Professionals bring a level of expertise and skill that you simply can’t match as a DIYer. They know the tricks of the trade to create a fireplace or stove that’s tailored to your needs, whether it’s achieving optimal heat output or matching it perfectly to your home’s décor.

Plus, licensed professionals take full responsibility for their work. So if anything goes awry, you’ve got someone to turn to without a hair on your head. And let’s face it, dealing with fire can be a bit…hairy.

So do yourself a favor and make the smart choice: hire a licensed and certified professional for your fireplace or stove installation and servicing. Think of it as an investment in a peace of mind that’ll keep you warm and cozy all winter long.

Meet the Unsung Heroes of Your Fireplace and Stove: The Professionals You Need to Know

When it comes to keeping your fireplace or stove in tip-top shape, there’s no shortage of DIY enthusiasts who swear by their own skills. But let’s be real, folks – sometimes, it’s better to leave it to the experts. Especially when dealing with fire and masonry, it pays to have the right professionals on your side.

Hearth Installers: Think of them as the architects of your fireplace dreams. These master builders will expertly craft the heart of your home, ensuring it meets all safety codes and regulations. They’ll also make sure it’s aesthetically pleasing, whether you’re channeling a rustic cabin vibe or a modern marvel.

Chimney Sweeps: These soot-busting specialists are like firefighters for your chimney, keeping it clean and free of blockages. They’ll remove any pesky debris and make sure your system is venting properly. Trust us, your lungs will thank you!

Building Inspectors: Before you light that first fire, it’s crucial to pass muster with the building inspector. They’ll scrutinize your fireplace or stove, checking every nook and cranny to ensure it meets the highest safety standards. Think of them as the guardians of your cozy comfort.

Fire Marshals: These esteemed professionals are the ultimate authority on fire safety. They’ll conduct thorough inspections, providing invaluable insights and recommendations to minimize any potential risks. Consider them the first line of defense against any fiery mishaps.

So, next time you tackle a fireplace or stove project, remember these unsung heroes. From the meticulous hearth installers to the soot-taming chimney sweeps, from the code-savvy building inspectors to the vigilant fire marshals, they’re the guardians of your fireplace safety and comfort. Without them, your cozy winter nights would be a lot less… well, cozy!

The Fireplace and Stove Code Conundrum: Don’t Mess with Fire!

Listen up, my fellow fireplace and stove enthusiasts! When it comes to these cozy warmers, there’s one thing we can’t afford to skip: building codes and regulations. These aren’t just some boring rules made to ruin your fun – they’re there to keep you and your loved ones safe.

Think about it. Fire is a powerful force. It can bring warmth and comfort, but if it gets out of control, it can cause serious damage or even tragedy. That’s why it’s crucial to make sure your fireplace or stove is installed and maintained according to the highest standards.

Building codes and regulations cover everything from the materials you use to the way your fireplace or stove is vented. They’re designed to ensure that the heat and flames are properly contained and that there’s no risk of fire spreading. If you don’t follow these codes, you’re not only putting yourself and your family at risk, but you could also face hefty fines or even legal action.

Now, I know what you’re thinking: “But I’m a handyman! I can do this myself.” While it’s true that you may be able to handle some basic maintenance tasks, when it comes to major installations or repairs, it’s always best to leave it to the pros.

Licensed and certified professionals have the training and experience to ensure that your fireplace or stove is installed and maintained safely and efficiently. They can also help you choose the right materials and accessories to get the most out of your investment.

So, don’t be a daredevil. When it comes to fireplaces and stoves, play it safe and follow the building codes. It’s better to be safe than sorry, especially when it comes to fire.

Fire Code 101: The Rules of the Fireside

Like any good adventure, installing and maintaining a fireplace or stove requires a little bit of know-how and a whole lot of safety. That’s where building codes and regulations come into play, acting as the guides to keep you warm and out of harm’s way.

One code that often makes an appearance is NFPA 211. It’s like the superhero of fire safety, setting standards for the installation, maintenance, and use of chimneys, fireplaces, and stoves. This code ensures that your fireside setup meets certain criteria to minimize the risk of fires and protect your home and family.

Another code worth mentioning is the International Building Code (IBC). It’s like the blueprint for all things building-related, including fireplaces and stoves. The IBC outlines specific requirements for the construction, materials, and installation of these cozy heat sources, ensuring they’re sturdy and safe to use.

Last but not least, let’s not forget local building codes. These codes vary from town to town and can add additional rules and regulations to the mix. It’s always a good idea to check with your local building department to make sure you’re up to speed on any specific requirements in your area.

Following these codes is like wearing a safety helmet on your fireside adventure. They help prevent accidents, protect your home, and make sure your fireplace or stove is the ultimate cozy companion, not a fiery hazard.

Accessories: Spruce Up Your Fireplace Ambiance

Accessorizing your fireplace is akin to adding a dash of seasoning to a bland dish – it takes it from ordinary to extraordinary. From firewood storage solutions to hearth maintenance tools, there’s an array of accessories to elevate both the functionality and aesthetic appeal of your fireplace.

Firewood Storage Racks – The Timber Timekeepers

Imagine a neat and tidy stack of firewood, adding a touch of rustic charm to your hearth. Firewood storage racks aren’t just practical; they’re stylish too! Whether you opt for a classic wrought-iron rack or a contemporary wooden design, they’ll keep your firewood organized and accessible.

Hearth Brushes and Shovels – The Ultimate Cleanup Crew

Soot and ash are the inevitable byproducts of a cozy fire, but they needn’t be a chore to clean up. Hearth brushes and shovels are your fireplace’s cleanup superheroes! With their long bristles and sturdy handles, they’ll whisk away any debris with ease. Plus, they’re available in a range of materials and designs to match your fireplace decor.

Andirons – The Fireside Guardians

Picture a pair of stately andirons standing guard in your fireplace, supporting logs like a royal escort. Not only do andirons elevate your fire’s height for optimal burning, but they also add a touch of elegance to your hearth. From intricate cast-iron designs to sleek wrought-iron styles, there’s a pair of andirons to complement every fireplace aesthetic.

Log Grabbers – Safety First for Fire Log Wranglers

Grabbing a hot log can be a recipe for singed fingers or a dropped log. Enter log grabbers! These handy tools extend your reach and provide a secure grip on logs, reducing the risk of accidents and making fire maintenance a breeze.

Fireplace Screens – The Sparking Safeguards

Fireplace screens are your fireplace’s secret shield, protecting your home from errant sparks that may leap out with fiery enthusiasm. Crafted from sturdy materials, these screens add an extra layer of safety while allowing you to bask in the radiant glow of your fire without worry.

Accessorizing your fireplace offers a myriad of benefits, enhancing both its functionality and aesthetic appeal. From firewood storage solutions that keep your hearth tidy to hearth maintenance tools that make cleanup effortless, there’s an accessory to suit every need. So, elevate your fireplace experience with a dash of accessories and create a warm and inviting haven that’s uniquely yours.

A Warm and Cozy Guide to Fireplace and Stove Accessories

When it comes to fireplaces and stoves, it’s not just about the heat – it’s about creating a sanctuary where warmth and comfort reign supreme. And just like any good sanctuary, it deserves the right accessories to elevate the experience. Let’s dive into the world of fireplace and stove accessories and uncover the treasures that await:

Firewood Storage Racks: Your Firewood’s Home

Benefits: Keep your firewood organized and within easy reach, preventing clutter and making it a snap to add fuel to the fire.
Uses: Choose from a range of racks to suit your style and space, from rustic log holders to modern steel racks.

Hearth Brushes and Shovels: The Cleanup Crew

Benefits: Sweep away ashes and embers with ease, keeping your hearth clean and safe.
Uses: Invest in a durable brush with stiff bristles and a wide shovel for efficient cleanup. They’ll be your trusty sidekicks when it comes to maintaining a spick-and-span fireplace or stove.

Fire Screens: A Guardian of Safety and Warmth

Benefits: Shield yourself and your loved ones from stray sparks while letting the heat radiate into the room.
Uses: Choose from stylish iron screens or foldable mesh guards, depending on your needs. They’re like knightly armor for your fireplace, protecting you from the fiery elements.

Log Carriers: The Firewood Cavalry

Benefits: Transport firewood effortlessly from storage to your fireplace or stove without breaking a sweat.
Uses: Opt for sturdy carriers with handles that provide a comfortable grip. They’ll be your faithful companions on those firewood-gathering missions.

Bellows: A Breath of Fresh Air

Benefits: Revive your fire or direct the flames for more precise control.
Uses: From traditional leather bellows to handheld varieties, these air-pumping tools are the secret weapon for keeping your flames roaring and your room toasty.

Firestarters: The Spark That Ignites

Benefits: Say goodbye to the struggle of lighting a fire. Firestarters make it quick and easy to get your fireplace or stove crackling with life.
Uses: Keep a trusty box of firestarters handy to conquer even the most stubborn logs. They’re the modern-day matchstick, but way cooler.

Fireplace Tools: The Ultimate Fireside Toolkit

Benefits: Tend to your fireplace or stove like a pro with a complete set of tools.
Uses: Invest in a tool set that includes a poker for stirring logs, tongs for handling burning wood, and a brush for cleaning. They’re the tools every fireplace enthusiast needs for a well-managed fire.